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Note the paradox between low legislative approval and high legislative entrenchment.<\/p>\n
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Snider, J.H.,\u00a0Want Term Limits? A Con Con Is Your Only Hope<\/a>, Civil Beat, September 21, 2018.<\/p>\n Primary Election Results<\/a>, Star-Advertiser, August 12, 2018.<\/p>\n Hill, John,\u00a03 Incumbent Lawmakers Lose State Legislative Seats<\/a>, Civil Beat, August 11, 2018.<\/p>\n National Data<\/strong><\/p>\n O’Neill, Ciara, Money and Incumbency in State Legislative Races, 2015 and 2016, <\/a>National Institute on Money on Money in Politics, November 1, 2017<\/p>\n 2016 Election Competitiveness–Senate<\/a>, 2016 Election Competitiveness–House<\/a>, BallotPedia. [These are calculation prior to the 2016 election.]<\/p>\n Casey, Linda, 2013 and 2014: Money and Incumbency in State Legislative Races<\/a>, FollowTheMoney.org, March 9, 2016.<\/p>\n Holden, Zach, 2013 and 2014: Monetary Competitiveness in State Legislative Races<\/a>, FollowTheMoney.org, March 9, 2016.<\/p>\n Ansolabeher, Stephen, and James Snyder, The Incumbency Advantage in U.S. Elections: An Analysis of State and Federal Offices<\/a>, 1942-2000, MIT Working Paper, June 2001.<\/p>\n Eagle, Nathan, The Hawaii Republican Party\u2019s Slow Path To Extinction<\/a>, Civil Beat, August 7, 2018.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Eagle, Nathan,\u00a0In Hawaii, People Like Trump Better Than They Like The Legislature<\/a>, Civil Beat,September 26, 2018.<\/p>\n What grade do you give the just-completed 2018 Legislature?<\/a>, Honolulu Star-Advertiser, May 4, 2018.<\/p>\n Public Trust in Government: 1958-2017<\/a>, Pew Research Center, December 14,\u00a0 2017. Note:<\/strong> Covers the problem of low government trust\/approval more generally.<\/p>\n Riffkin, Rebecca, Americans Say Federal Gov’t Wastes 51 Cents on the Dollar; Consider state and local governments a bit less wasteful<\/a>, Gallup, September 17,\u00a0 2014.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Lovell, Blaze, Hawaii\u2019s Voter Turnout Was Almost A Historic Low<\/a>, Civil Beat, November 7, 2018.<\/p>\n Ryan, Tracy, How To Really Fix Hawaii\u2019s Elections<\/a>, Civil Beat, August 21, 2018.<\/p>\n Grube, Nick,\u00a0Hawaii Sets Record Low for Voter Turnout in a General Election<\/a>, Civil Beat, November 4, 2014.<\/p>\n Editorial: 34.8 Percent Turnout? Hawaii Must Do Better<\/a>, Civil Beat, August 22, 2018.<\/p>\n Teague, Courtney,\u00a0How Low Is Hawaii Voter Turnout?<\/a>, Civil Beat, June 22, 2018.<\/p>\n Hawaii Office of Elections<\/a>.\u00a0 Turnout at August 11, 2018 Primary Election: 38.6%<\/a>. This turnout figure is based on voters\/registered voters, not voters\/eligible voters.\u00a0 Not all eligible voters register to vote.<\/p>\n National and Academic Data<\/strong><\/p>\n Marschall, Melissa, and John Lappie. Rules, Politics, and Policy<\/a>, Election Law Journal,<\/em>\u00a0September 2018. “[B]allots with more contested races draw more voters to the polls… contestation is likely to stimulate more interest, mobilize more voters, and ultimately increase turnout.”<\/p>\n 2016 State Voter Turnout Rankings in America Goes to the Polls<\/a>, Nonprofit Vote, 2017.<\/p>\n 2016 November General Election Turnout Rates<\/a>, United States Election Project. Available at http:\/\/www.electproject.org\/2016g.<\/p>\n Sauter, Michael, States With the Highest (and Lowest) Voter Turnout<\/a>, 24\/7 WallSt, October 17, 2016.<\/p>\n 2016 November General Election Turnout Rates<\/a>, United States Election Project.<\/p>\n Sutter, John D., Hawaii: The state that doesn’t vote<\/a>, CNN, Oct. 24, 2012<\/p>\n For an academic study, see\u00a0Marschall, Melissa, and John Lappie, Turnout in Local Elections: Is Timing Really Everything?,\u00a0Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy<\/a>, Vol. 17, No. 3, September 18, 2018.<\/p>\n <\/p>\nLack of Political Party Competition<\/strong><\/h4>\n
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\nArticles on Low Approval of the Legislature<\/strong><\/h3>\n
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\nArticles on Low Turnout
<\/strong>(people are less likely to vote with entrenched incumbents)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/h3>\n
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\nAdvantage of Incumbency & Money in Hawaii State Legislative Races, 2015-2016<\/strong><\/h3>\n
(Data Compiled by National Institute of Money in State Politics)<\/strong><\/h4>\n